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The buildings and architecture of Bath, a city in Somerset in the south west of England, reveal significant examples of the architecture of England, from the Roman Baths (including their significant Celtic presence), to the present day. The city became a World Heritage Site in 1987, largely because of its architectural history and the way in which the city landscape draws together public and private buildings and spaces.〔 The many examples of Palladian architecture are purposefully integrated with the urban spaces to provide "picturesque aestheticism".〔 It is the only entire city in Britain to achieve World Heritage status, and is a popular tourist destination. Important buildings include the Roman Baths; neoclassical architect Robert Adam's Pulteney Bridge, based on an unused design for the Rialto Bridge in Venice;〔 and Bath Abbey in the city centre, founded in 1499〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Home Page )〕 on the site of an 8th-century church.〔John Britton, 〕 Of equal importance are the residential buildings designed and built into boulevards and crescents by the Georgian architects John Wood, the Elder and his son John Wood, the Younger – well-known examples being the Royal Crescent, built around 1770, and The Circus, built around 1760, where each of the three curved segments faces one of the entrances, ensuring that there is always a classical facade facing the entering visitor. Most of Bath's buildings are made from the local, golden-coloured, Bath Stone. The dominant architectural style is Georgian,〔 which evolved from the Palladian revival style that became popular in the early 18th century. The city became a fashionable and popular spa and social centre during the 18th century. Based initially around its hot springs, this led to a demand for substantial homes and guest houses. The key architects, John Wood and his son, laid out many of the city's present-day squares and crescents within a green valley and the surrounding hills. According to UNESCO this provided... "an integration of architecture, urban design, and landscape setting, and the deliberate creation of a beautiful city". Development during modern eras, including the development of the transport infrastructure and rebuilding after bomb damage during World War II, has mostly been in keeping with earlier styles to maintain the integrated cityscape. == Celtic, Roman and Saxon == Buildings from Bath's pre-Norman period either no longer exist, or their remains are below street level.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Walkthrough )〕 Archaeological sites in the central area of the city have supplied some details about how they may have looked, while the lower areas of the Roman Baths reveal significant remains from the Roman period. The Baths were built around hot springs, the only ones naturally occurring in the United Kingdom. Archaeological evidence suggests that the main spring in its natural state was treated as a shrine by the Celts. During the early Roman occupation of Britain, in the 60s or 70s AD, engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead. These still survive. At this early stage the spring was an open pool in the corner of the temple precinct. It fed a bathing complex on its south side within a barrel-vaulted building. The complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years.〔Barry Cunliffe, ''City of Bath'' (1986), pp. 21–24.〕 All the stonework above the level of the baths is from more recent periods including the 12th century, when John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir, and the 16th century, when the city corporation built a new bath (Queen's Bath) to the south of the spring.〔 The spring is now housed in 18th-century buildings designed by architects John Wood, the Elder and John Wood, the Younger;〔 visitor access is via an 1897 concert hall by J M Brydon, which is an eastward continuation of the Grand Pump Room with a glass-domed centre and single-storey radiused corner.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=Images of England )〕 Beside the baths, a temple, in classical style with four large, fluted Corinthian columns and dedicated to Minerva was constructed. It stood on a podium above a surrounding courtyard.〔 The columns supported a frieze and decorated pediment parts of which can be seen in the museum within the baths. In the 2nd century it was expanded by the addition of side chapels and an ambulatory,〔 which may have encouraged some historians to argue that there were two temples. The temple remained in use for worship until around the 4th century,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Roman Temple )〕 but the site is now occupied by the Grand Pump Room. The city was given defensive walls, probably in the 3rd century,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Alfreds Borough )〕 but they disappeared during subsequent redevelopments. The line of then formed the basis of the medieval walls enclosing , some which survived until the 18th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bath City Wall )〕 The Anglo-Saxons called the town Baðum, Baðan or Baðon, meaning "at the baths," the source of the present name.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of bath england, roman bath history )〕 In 675, Osric, King of the Hwicce, set up a monastic house at Bath, probably using the walled area as its precinct.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Timeline Bath )〕 The Anglo-Saxon poem known as The Ruin may describe the appearance of the Roman site about this time. King Offa of Mercia gained control of this monastery in 781 and rebuilt the church, which was dedicated to St. Peter. By the 9th century the old Roman street pattern had been lost, and Bath had become a royal possession; King Alfred laid out the town afresh, leaving its south-eastern quadrant as the abbey precinct.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Buildings and architecture of Bath」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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